Lynne Kiesling
One thing I forgot to mention in my post about Hamburg’s Fischmarkt is how heavily regulated it is. Not in terms of prices, but in terms of opening times. This is a prevalent form of regulation in Germany. The Fischmarkt opens at 6 AM Sunday, and at 9:30 a bell starts to ring, and a stentorian voice says over the PA system “it is now time to stop selling” or some such thing. This closing is enforced even though there are still hundreds of potential customers still walking around, ready to shop. Thus all of the merchants have to stop transacting by around 10:00 or they risk fines or the loss of the expensive and hard-to-get license to have a stall at the Fischmarkt. My friends tell me that these regulations used to be even more rigidly enforced, and that officials would come around at 9:30 precisely and stop transactions in process and fine merchants.
Why say strictly that the merchants can only sell on Sunday between 6AM and 9:30AM? Why not let the merchants and their customers determine over time the more natural, organic, mutually beneficial closing time (which might be 9:30)?. Whom would that harm? Is it a form of paternalist moralizing ? they need to wrap up by 9:30 so everyone can get to church? If so, then it?s a little obsolete, not to mention that it ignores potential innovations such as ? different hours for mass/service! The historian in me thinks that some of it must originate in the medieval guild restrictions on hours and locations of trade (which was always sold as a benefit to customers but was really a form of entry restriction), to which German society may have become habituated over centuries. Of course, that begs the question of why trade with other, less restrictive societies hasn?t led to the diminution of that habituation ? but that?s about 30 years of free-ish trade chipping away at 700 years of history, so it should take a while.
My friend David in Hamburg is an American (and, on top of that, an exceedingly libertarian American) who has lived in Germany off and on for a very long time. Invariably we talk about German economic policy and the extensive and, to his mind, oppressive state of German regulation. Of course, he is a pessimist who sees economic doom and gloom everywhere he looks in Germany, because he is of an entrepreneurial temperament and has continually encountered roadblocks along the way during his 14 years of living full-time in Germany. But I can?t say that I disagree with him.
Our main question was this: why do Germans so naturally and automatically propose and accept regulatory approaches to transactions (we are not necessarily picking on Germany, it just happens to be the country he knows; clearly we could ask the same questions about France)? Let?s take another example. I accompanied David to take back his empty bottles from water, juice and beer to the drink store, where he got a receipt for his returns and then purchased more drinks in glass bottles. I did not see a can in their house. This outcome results from a regulatory trait: to get your deposit back on cans, you have to return them to the exact same store where you purchased them! Plus I believe they are differentially taxed so that for home consumption it?s more economical to use bottles and return them to the drink store.
But that?s not the end of the bottle and can story, because what law requires beverage manufacturers to do is to wash and reuse the bottles, even though it?s potentially cheaper, more sanitary, and more energy efficient to crush the bottles and make them into new ones. This regulation, putatively in the name of reducing waste and being good to ?Mother Earth? may instead lead to higher resource use. And that doesn?t even take into account how economical and technologically advanced can recycling has become. Pushed by the beneficial alignment of cost reduction and environmental incentives (an alignment that naturally exists for all resource use, unless tampered with and distorted), US (and UK, for that matter) can manufacturers have innovated ways of making cans with thinner walls and bottoms that still serve their purpose. Has there been such innovation in glass bottle manufacturing in Germany? No. There is no cost reduction incentive pushing them to strive to deliver functionality with lower resource use.
Another feature of German regulation that deeply affects the everyday life of my friend, his family, and all Germans is the belief that ?solving? distortions requires additional regulations and laws, notwithstanding the fact that they introduce additional distortions. Again, I don?t think this is a tendency unique to Germany. David put it very poignantly: ?it never occurs to German politicians, or to most German citizens, to address distortions by reducing the number of laws! It?s never a viable policy question to ask whether it?s the law and regulation that is causing the initial distortion in the first place!? Now, like I said, my friend is a bit Eeyore-ish on the subject of German regulation, but my experience (both professional and recreational) in Germany is consistent with his glum demeanor.
What?s the abstract conclusion that we reached? Using the logic of complex dynamic systems and the importance of flexibility and adaptability in such systems, we conclude that Germany?s economic and regulatory environment is sufficiently rigid and maladaptive to put Germany out of step (almost 180 degrees in his estimation) with how the modern world works, creates new value, and thrives. Such regulatory control and management could suit a more static, more inward-focused economy and society. But in a modern, highly meshed, complex system with its numerous and varied interconnections, such stasism comes with a high opportunity cost attached.
Decline is incremental; the innovation that does occur and the manifestations of a global, interconnected economy both hasten the decline (by creating knowledge about what?s possible) and delay it (because those interconnections do create value). But as other, more dynamic societies pull away from Germany in relative value creation, the balance shifts toward decline.
Is there a solution? I?m afraid that it will be difficult without substantial costs being imposed on incumbent, vested interest stakeholders, at all income levels. How do you cut the corporatist and welfare Gordian knots that are deeply and broadly embedded in German society in ways that will minimize those costs while generating the most possible ?bang for the buck? in terms of forward-looking value-creation incentives?
Ich habe keine Idee.